The emotions presented in at least three of Seamus Heaneys poems including Mid Term Break Essay Example For Students

The emotions presented in at least three of Seamus Heaneys poems including Mid Term Break Essay Seamus Heaney has many different emotions littered throughout many of his poems. Strong emotions can be seen in the poems Death of a Naturalist Blackberry Picking Mid Term Break Follower and Digging. In Follower and Digging Heaney displays emotions of admiration as he describes his father on the farm. Whilst in Mid Term Break he feels sadness as he writes about the death of his brother. In Death of a Naturalist he feels happiness and delight when collecting frogspawn but fear during an encounter with frogs and in Blackberry Picking he feels joy and happiness when he picks blackberries but pain and anguish when they rot. We will write a custom essay on The emotions presented in at least three of Seamus Heaneys poems including Mid Term Break specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now All these emotions are conveyed through the poems, which gives you a vivid encounter of Heaney growing up. Happiness is a strong emotion exhibited during Heaneys poems. This is evident in the poem Blackberry Picking where Heaney shows great delight in picking the berries. Heaney describes the taste of the berries as, its flesh was sweet. This sensuous image is so powerful the reader can almost taste the berry. The word flesh portrays how juicy and pulpy the fruit is. The berries were so nice they left Heaney with a, lust for picking. This shows how Heaney had a desperate urge for picking. The word lust indicates how Heaney had a strong desire to pick and he found great joy out of doing so. This happiness and joy is also included in Death of a Naturalist where Heaney feels at peace with the natural world. At the start of the poem Heaney creates a very enjoyable and comfortable world with all of nature around him, spotted butterflies, bubbles gargled delicately. This tells us how Heaney feels pleasure for all of the country. This is also shown with what Heaney likes the best, warm thick slobber/ Of frogspawn. The warm thick slobber shows how Heaney can remember the exact details of the delightful occasion. Heaney feels great delight in collecting the frogspawn and really enjoys this. With Heaney loving all the country around him and the desire to collect the different things he show us how happy he is in his childhood. Another emotion displayed by Heaney is admiration. He shows this admiration for his father and his strength and skill in the poem Digging, Till his straining rump among the flowerbeds / Bends low comes up twenty years away. The word straining indicates how hard his father worked pushing himself to the limit. The word rump describes the rear of an animal, so shows how Heaneys father was like a bull or donkey and was powerful and strong. The second half of the quote, comes up twenty years away shows how long his father had been working. This portrays how his father has made his business a success by his hardwork and perseverance. Going back twenty years also cleverly changes the present to the past. This quote emphasises how Heaney admires his Dad for his hardwork, strength and power. This admiration is also presented in Follower, All I ever did was follow. This shows how dominant Heaneys father was and how proud Heaney was of him. When Heaney tells us he wants to grow up and plough it shows us he wanted to follow in his fathers footsteps and become an expert ploughman. However this shows the contrast between Heaney and his father. The word plough is what Heaney sees as his father and what represents him. In Heaneys ambitions to become a ploughman and the description of his fathers greatness he shows the emotion of admiration and how proud he is of his Dad. Another emotion displayed in Heaneys poems is sadness. .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 , .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .postImageUrl , .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 , .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:hover , .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:visited , .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:active { border:0!important; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:active , .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1 .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f31da7207fdc6ace42df4901b283be1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetics by Aristotle EssayThis is displayed in the poem Blackberry Picking where sadness is felt for the berries rotting after he gets so much joy from picking them. When the berries rot there is a feeling of disappointment and anguish, the sweet flesh would turn sour/ I always felt like crying. The words sweet and sour contrast each other and emphasise the sadness of the rotting berries. When the poet felt like crying he would remember the sadness of the time and how much it effected him. Similarly sadness is felt in Mid Term Break where he tells us about the death of his brother. In the poem Heaney refers to his brother as the corpse. This shows how hurt Heaney was, he couldnt even refer to him as body or brother. The sadness of the event is depicted all the way through out the family, I met my father crying/ He had always taken funerals in his stride. This was said as Heaney returned home to see is father. This emphasises how hard the death hit Heaneys family as his father the tower of strength was crying showing weakness. During both poems Heaney shows a sense of anger and denial. The emotion of sadness represents two cases in Heaneys life where he felt down, and this takes the reader into Heaneys life making the poems very powerful. Seamus Heaney also demonstrates fear during his poems. In Death of a Naturalist Heaney feels fear against the frogs that never usually scared him until now. Heaney describes the frogs stance as Poised like mud-grenades. This simile helps to emphasise the image of belligerent attack. The image of mud-grenades is used to show how powerful and dangerous the frogs are in the mind of the poet as a young child. They could explode at any moment. This fear is also explored with the, loose necks pulsed like sails. This image of horror shows how threatened the young boy was. All this is in the young boys imagination and he feels frightened and runs away from the frogs. In Follower and Digging Heaney displays the emotion of inferiority is shown towards his father. In Follower Heaney tells us how he fills out of place on the farm, I stumbled in his hob-nailed wake/ Fell sometimes on the polished sod; In the first part of the quote Heaney tells us how he stumbled in his fathers massive ego and was intimidated by his father. The words stumbled and hob-nailed contrast each other furthering the effectiveness of the quote. The second half of the quote shows juxtaposition when Heaney fell (clumsy) on the polished sod (perfect). This part of the quote tells us how Heaney felt out of place in the farm where his father worked to make everything perfect. This is also shown in Digging where Heaney feels that he has, no spade to follow men like them. The spade represents the skill that Heaney feels he doesnt have and the man who he cant follow is his father. These quotes prove how Heaney feels that he is the odd link out of his family and he does not have the skill to be like his father and be strong, powerful and an all round hard worker. Loss of innocence is another emotion displayed in the poems. In Death of a Naturalist Heaney loses his childish naiveti and moves into the real world. At the start of the poem Heaney is still in his comfortable world repeating infant phrases such as, daddy frog and mammy frog. But during the second stanza the menacing frogs terrify the author, The slap and plop were obscene threats. This quote uses onomatopoeia to emphasise the intimidating sounds that made the author feel threatened. Seamus Heaney feels, sickened and runs away from the horrors of the real world. .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 , .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .postImageUrl , .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 , .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:hover , .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:visited , .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:active { border:0!important; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:active , .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758 .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u474949a33427ff8c316a53d9f082d758:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Visiting Hour by Norman MacCaig EssayDuring Blackberry Picking loss of innocence is also shown. However this is shown in the awakening of sexual awareness. During the first stanza Heaney tells us how he has a life of pleasure picking blackberries. When Heaney tells us how he had a lust for picking it shows how Heaney had discovered sexual excitement. Heaney described the juice of the berry as, Like thickened wine: summers blood This is also indicates sexual awareness as a young boy would not know the texture of a wine. Also the summers blood whilst indicating the preciousness and colour of the juice is also referring to sexual awareness. Collectively loss of innocence is shown as Heaney growing up and finding out about the evils of the world. It is another complex emotion displayed in Heaneys poems. One of the last emotions demonstrated in the poems is acceptance. In Digging Heaney accepts how he cannot continue the family trade but has to follow his chosen trade as a writer. Heaney tells us how he feels comfortable as a writer, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests. The quote tells us how affluent he feels with the pen in his hand and this is the trade he has to follow. Heaney tells us how he will, dig with the pen and be as brilliant as his father but with what he chooses to do. Heaney accepts that he cant carry on the family tradition and has to have guts to admit this. When Heaney accepts that he will not be a farmer he realised that although he loved nature he knew it wouldnt be his lifes work. Altogether there are many different strong emotions used in Heaneys poems ranging from happiness to sadness and fear. From admiration to inferiority. All these emotions are described and portrayed in a powerful and meaningful way so as the reader can have an insight to what Heaneys life was like.

Exam review Essays

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Factors such as gender, age, family relationship, and number of spouses apply. ,138 statutory provisions in which marital status is a factor in determining benefits, rights, and privileges Benefits, tax filings, inheritance, custodial rights, domestic violence protection, next of kin status. Access to family-only services, relocation and employment assistance for military spouses The Defense of Marriage Act(DOOM): Act that denied federal recognition to same-sex couples and gave states the right to legally ignore gay or lesbian marriages should they gain legal recognition in Hawaii or any other state. Signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Same-Sex Marriage: As of March 2013, 9 states (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Maine, Maryland, Washington, and the District of Columbia) allow same-sex marriage. Civil Union: A legal status created by the state of Vermont in 2000. It is a separate status for same-sex couples. It provides legal protection to couples at the state law level, but emits federal protections. Only applies to the state where issued. Different than marriage: Portability across states, various rights not given in civil unions that married couples have. Domestic Partnership: Legal relationship available to same- sex couples. It affords couples (most but not all) of the same rights, protections, and benefits of married people. Common Law Marriage: To be defined as a common law marriage a couple must (1) live as husband and wife and present themselves as married, and (2) agree that they are married, (3) some states have a time period of 6 years or more. Common law marriage was prevalent in most states pre-1920 because the availability of officials who could perform marriage ceremonies grew. Commuter marriage: An arrangement al earner couples. US census bureau reports 3. 6 million married Americans were living apart from their spouses not including those who were legally separated, this number has doubled since 1990. Not a new concept, traveling salesmen, migrant workers, soldiers on deployment have always been in this type of relationship. Interracial marriage: When two people of different racial groups marry This is a form of heterogamous Throughout US history, legal marriage has been denied to certain groups, such as blacks. After slavery, laws were enacted to prevent marriage between racial groups Even Asian immigrants were subject to laws that prevented them from marrying white US citizens Gallops recent minority rights and relations survey asks Americans if they approve or disapprove marriage between blacks and whites: 77% approved, 17% disapproved. 4. 6% of all marriages in the US in 2008 were between spouses of different racial backgrounds 8% overall are interracial, 9% whites, 15% blacks, 26% Hispanic, 31% Asians married someone from a dif race. Child Marriage: Marriage before the age of 16. Presently, 100 million girls will marry over the decade. Prevalent n areas of Africa, Bangladesh, India, Nepal(less educated, poor-more likely to marry young) Arranged Marriage: Viewed as a social, cultural , and economic necessity, the terms at which are agreed upon by the families of the future groom and bride. Estimated that 55% of marriage worldwide are arranged with a divorce rate of 4% for these marriages. Accepted practice in Iran, Afghanistan, Japan(10%), India (90%) Arranging marriages in US clashes cultures Is a common practice among US immigrant groups Polygamy(Plural): Where a man has multiple wives. Estimated 30,000-50,000 people vive polygamist lifestyle in the US, many in fundamentalist sects of the Mormon Church. Plural marriages are not legally recognized. East Asia: Before modernization, east Asian countries, china, Japan, Vietnam, permitted similar practices of polygamy South Asia: Permitted under Islamic Law; Present amongst some Muslims in South Asia. Illegal in India for the Hindus and other religious groups under the Marriage Act. Africa: Including Kenya, Sudan, And Nigeria Polyandry: Fraternal Polyandry: A group of brothers share a wife. Concentrated largely in Southeast Asia-India, Tibet, and Nepal. It is sporadically distributed in areas of Africa. Non-Fraternal Polyandry: A womans husbands are not related. Transnational Marriage: A marriage between two people from different countries Internet Brides(mail-order): A form of marriage by a middle man or agency. It has become increasingly prevalent in Russia and Asia. Marriage Tourism Industry: provides opportunity for men to get across to foreign women. Trend towards women living in less-developed countries seeking men in more developed countries. Majority of these women are from Southeast Asia (South Korea, Philippines) Countries of the former Soviet Union (Russia, Ukraine, and Latin America(Columbia). International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005(lumbar): BUSH: A U. S. Federal statue that requires background checks for all marriage VISA sponsors and limits serial visa applications. Concern about fraud and abuse of foreign brides Community Property States: State in which all marital property is divided equally Washington, and Wisconsin. Non-community Property States(Common law states): Property may be divided by equitable distribution. Property that each partner brings into the marriage or receives by gift is called separate property. Property that is owned by once spouse before the marriage is separate property. Divorce: Legal termination of marriage Annulment: Legal retardation of the existence of the marriage Miscegenation: The interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types Successful Marriages: Background factors: Age at marriage, level of education, race, parental marital status Contextual Factors: Support and approval from friends and freedom from pressures to marry Individual traits and behaviors: Level of sell-esteem, inter-personal skills, physical health Couple characteristics: Being from similar backgrounds, possessing minimal values, attitudes, beliefs, gender-role expectations; communication and conflict management skills Enduring Marriages: 1 . Conflict-habituated: Tension, arguing, and conflict permeate the relationship 2. Passive-congenial: Begin without the emotional spark or intensity contained in our romantic idealizations of marriage. May be marriages of convenience that satisfy practical needs in both spouses lives. 3. Devastative: Begin with high levels of emotional intensity that dwindles over time. Eventually look like passive-congenial marriages but have a more intense history, Obligation keeps them together. . Vital: Appeal more to romantic notions of marriage because they begin and continue with high levels of emotional intensity. Conflict is not absent, but it is managed in such a manner as to make a quick resolution. 5. Total: relationships in which characteristics of vital relationships are present but to a wider and deeper degree. Spouses appear to share everything. African-American Families: 1. Have long-history of being dual-earner families as a result of economic need 2. Marital relations show signs of greater distress than the general population 3. Kinship bonds provide economic assistance and emotional support in time of need 4. Strong tradition of families with an important role played by intergenerational ties 5. African-American community values children high 6. More likely than Caucasians to live in extended households Short Answer: Factors contributing to higher levels of marital strength and satisfaction: 1. Having spouse who is a best friend and whom you like as a person 2. Believing in marriage as a long-term commitment and sacred institution 3. Consensus on such fundamentals as aims and goals and philosophy of life 4. Shared humor

Early Modern Athens and Early Travellers to Greece Essay

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Public Awareness Campaign Review: Homelessnesss

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Individuals who are defined within this population are those with extremely low incomes that make no more than $19,706 annually (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2014). Nationally at this rate these individuals can only afford to spend no more than $493 a month on rent (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2014). However the national fair market rate has risen to $984 for a two bedroom and $788 for a one bedroom (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2014). Evidently there is a disparity of $491 a month for those in a two bedroom rental and a disparity of $ 295 a month for individuals in a one bedroom rental that must be met each month. A rental cost that an individual can afford is based on 30% of their income (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2014). Unfortunately in no state a full-time minimum wage worker cannot afford a one-bedroom or a two-bedroom rental unit at Fair Market Rent. The federal minimum wage is $7.25 and to be able to afford a two bedroom rental without interfering with other necessities (e.g. food, clothing, childcare, utilities) the renter needs to at least make $18.92 an hour (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2014). Social Systems A social system that safeguards against homelessness is parents/ families. Many parents allow their grown children and their families to live with them so that they can all afford to pay rent and basic necessities. This is called doubling up. Religious settings and community organizations offer ways to help with homelessness by offering shelters for those who are unable to afford housing (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2014). Social systems that contribute to the problem of homelessness in the United States are the rising costs to health care (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2014). Many times individuals with very low incomes have to choose between going to the doctor and paying rent. Many individuals who face homelessness need medical and mental health services. Some workplaces also contribute to the problem of homelessness. Workplaces which offer employees minimum wage contribute toward the problem because they cannot afford the cost of rent. Many of these individuals have to work two jobs or more than 80 hours a week to afford life’s basic necessities (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2014). Ecological Levels The ecological level of analysis the Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) produced in their article shows that homelessness affects the individual, microsystems, organizations, localities and macrosytems. This article is a part of the resources used at the National Coalition for the Homeless website regarding their Restoring Housing Voucher Funding campaign. The article’s focus is on homeless persons and how the various ecological levels contribute to the problem and how they can help. The article offers suggestions on ways supportive housing (individual) can actually produce savings for federal (macrosytem), state, and local governments (localities) comparatively to emergency shelters (organizations) and institutionalized care for the homeless. For instance they found that in one year assigning high cost hospital patients in Los Angeles into everlasting supportive housing lead to a net public cost evasion of almost $32,000 per person .This sum even in cludes the costs for housing subsidies and housing placement. The article further addresses how individuals are affected by the government sequester cuts which resulted into many individuals losing voucher assistance. Microsystems are addressed in the article by pointing out how many families and individual face homelessness due to struggles with substance abuse, mental illness, or domestic violence. Overall the aim of the article is to provoke debate over government policy and increase funding and assistance programs to aid in the problem with homelessness. Although the article addresses how homelessness affects the individual, microsystems, organizations, localities its primary focus is its emphasis through the macrosytem- government. It seems appropriate to target the macrosystem of government because government policy can ensure that change can be affected nation -wide. Prevention and Promotion Prevention according to National Coalition for the Homeless (2009) can be obtained by closing the gap between income and housing costs. This type of prevention responds to predictable life circumstances such as being able to afford life’s basic necessities and affording health care .In order for such a change to be completed the National Coalition for the Homeless (2009) states that government, labor, and the private sectors need to unite. They further conclude that when such can be completed all Americans who work can then have an opportunity to get employment that would pay a livings wage along with necessary support such as child care and transportation to maintain it. Promotion of housing assistance and supportive services can offer individuals facing homelessness an opportunity to obtain self –sufficiency according to The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014). The way this is completed is by addressing the root causes of poverty. The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) found that programs that offer housing assistance along with supportive services can make significant changes in individuals and give these individuals an opportunity to get themselves out of poverty by addressing poverty causes. The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) state past results have shown it is possible to impact and make changes in individuals needing supportive housing. This is completed through improved employment and salaries amongst those of legal working age along with on-site job hubs where individuals can get job search help and appointments to vocational training. The next recommen dation they offer is to supply adjusted rent rules so that these low income individuals can grow their earnings without worrying that their rents will also increase. The Final recommendation they give is to encourage neighbor-to-neighbor contact amongst low income individuals. By encouraging conversation these individuals can communicate about the news of job opportunities within the neighborhood and inspire community upkeep towards finding work. Social Injustice and Small Wins The article by The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) focuses on the social issue of poverty and homelessness. The article addresses its social injustice by pointing out that 19.3 million are eligible for assistance but only 4.4 million receive support due to lack of federal funding for voucher programs. Small wins in prevention and promotion would be to offer families and individuals who have a very low income; free childcare, vocational training and paid apprenticeships so that they can catapult themselves out of poverty and reduce their risk towards homelessness. Prevention/Promotion Intervention The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) reported on a study on Jobs-Plus for their prevention of homelessness and promotion intervention of housing assistance with supportive services. The U.S. Department of Public Housing Planned the intervention between 1998 and 2003 on six public housing developments across the country (HUD.GOV). Individuals living within these units met the criteria for very low incomes. The Jobs -Plus program is not a national program available in every community only selected communities are chosen. Individuals that are involved in the program are able to make decisions as to what jobs they want to apply for (HUD.GOV). Sensitivity to the context of individuals living with low incomes is considered because Jobs- Plus offers opportunities such as employment centers to help search for gainful employment, referrals to job training so these individuals can select a career that will offer a higher income, and adjusted rent rules to help these individuals afford rent(HUD.GOV).. Stake holders included in the program are HUD, an association of foundations, and private funders (HUD.GOV). Effectiveness The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) reported that an arduous evaluation of the Jobs-Plus program was conducted and found a meek but long-term increase in salaries for individuals within the program at the various locations where the program was available. The Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC) is a nonprofit organization that specializes in the evaluation of employment and welfare-to-work strategies, MDRC provides technical assistance and designs and implements Job- plus plans over a 5-year period (HUD.GOV). MDRC evaluates the long term effects in each Job-plus sites approach to Jobs-plus residents, communities, families, public housing developments, and the lessons learned from other experiences by other sites (HUD.GOV). MDRC is funded by HUD, the Rockefeller Foundation, and other public agencies and charities (HUD.GOV). In each site MDRC randomly evaluates one housing development that is randomly selected (through a type of lottery) to operate Jobs-Plus from a matched pair or triplet of eligible public housing developments nominated by the local public housing authority(Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). The remaining housing development groups are assigned as comparison groups (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005).Long term data and trends are recorded to evaluate the program’s effectiveness. The data was retrieved from administrative records of government agencies for up to six years before and six years after Jobs-Plus was launched in 1998(Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005).In addition residents that participated in the program partook in surveys which evaluated their experiences with economic and material well-being, social conditions, personal safety, residential satisfaction, and child well-being. Job-plus made a difference in participants lives because living conditions were very difficult in both Jobs-P lus and comparison developments before the initiative was introduced. (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). Objectives The intervention of Job-Plus programs shows that it aids in making sure that the very low income population are not homeless while they are enrolled in the program. One of the objectives clearly met by the program was to increase the wages of participants (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). The findings state that participants on average increased their wages by 6.2 % while others who did not partake in the program had no increase (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). The study found that individuals who partook in the program sustained their income over time. The intervention was only effective in settings in which the Job-Plus program was used. Other comparison groups had no change (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). In sum the Jobs-Plus program is only effective if the full program is adhered to not just excerpts of it(Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). Another objective was to drop the amount of welfare recipients (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). This objective was not met because after Jobs-Plus was la unched there was a decline however the decline was not related to Jobs-Plus (Bloom, Riccio, Verma, 2005). Conclusion The Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University (2014) authored an article which stated the Jobs-Plus program is an effective tool that gives individuals living in poverty tools to aid against homelessness. The authors are correct that this can be an effective tool because it aids in helping individuals get into vocational schools, encourages community contact with neighbors, and helps individuals find gainful employment. The important findings these authors present are that housing vouchers can be a good temporary protective aid against homelessness. Important inquiries the Jobs-Plus programs raises: When Job-Plus programs are introduced into communities, why not introduce the program along with positive beliefs systems to match not just community culture but cultures within the different ethnicities that reside in these communities? Another important question to consider: Why not make the Jobs-Plus program mandatory for all individuals that receive aid that are not disab led neighborhoods? An area for concern that is not addressed by the authors is that the Jobs-Plus program may not be an effective tool in preventing homelessness for everyone. This tool is only effective if individuals who want to help themselves. If one just wants to stay on welfare, receive housing vouchers, and buy into negative belief systems that keep them impoverished then tools such as Jobs-Plus will not be an aid. Coming out of poverty does not just take a hand-up it takes desire, will, and ambition. Increasing wages by 6.2 % is a change in a positive direction but the change is still minimal and not enough to place one in middle class. Despite this change these individuals are at risk for homelessness because they are still considered to have a low income. Perhaps now their income maybe not is on the very low side after the 6% increase nonetheless they are still at risk. References Bloom, H., Riccio, J. A., Verma, N. (2005). Promoting work in public housing: The effectiveness of jobs-plus. Retrieved from http://www.mdrc.org/publication/promoting-work-public-housing HUD.GOV. (2014). Jobs-plus community revitalization initiative. Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/programdescription/jobsplus Joint Center for Housing Studies Harvard University. (2014). Americas rental housing-evolving market and needs: Rental housing assistance. Retrieved from http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/research National Coalition for the Homeless. (2009). Employment and homelessness. Retrieved from http://nationalhomeless.org/issues/economic-justice/ National Coalition for the Homeless. (2014). Restoring housing voucher funding. Retrieved from http://nationalhomeless.org/campaigns/restoring-housing-voucher-funding/ National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2014). Out of reach 2014: Twenty-five years later the housing crisis continues. National Low Income Housing Coalition, 248.Retrieved from: http://nlihc.org/oor/2014

The Limitations of Gender Roles and Gender Equality :: Equality Feminism Discrimination Essays

The Limitations of Gender Roles and Gender Equality Just how different are men and women? Everyone acknowledges that there are significant differences between males and females, even if they are only physical. Others see not only the physical but also the social, emotional and intellectual differences between male and female. Gender roles by definition are the social norms that dictate what is socially appropriate male and female behavior. In early American culture it was common for a women's job to be a submissive homemaker in clear contrast to the males aggressive breadwinner role. The seventies marked the beginning of the Woman's Movement and the end of the ideals we held on what it is to be a "man" and what it is to be a "woman". Women were no longer like the stereotypical homemaker, always offering a hot meal for her family, but were instead out burning bras and protesting inequality. No one disputes that the Women's Movement began but there is a disagreement on whether or not it should come to an end. One of the Women's Movement primary goals was to invalidate gender roles in the sense that women were secondary to men. The fact that gender roles exist is indisputable. Gender roles influence women and men in virtually every area of life including family and occupation. Early into childhood girls and boys are treated differently in families, schools and other institutions. Girls are encouraged to play with dolls and playhouse type of toys while boys will often play with trucks and army toys. Boys are played with in a rough manner and told to "tough it out" when they get hurt. Girls are taught to be more passive and expressive with their feelings. Whether these gender roles are fair or not, is where the argument begins. Does the fact that we are treated differently based on our sex prevent us from reaching equality or are we treated differently because we are different by nature? We are indeed raised differently, but does the fact that a boy is given a blue room and a girl is given a pink room mean that a girl is being sleighted? The outdated, sexist gender roles that dehumanize women are extinct, the ones that presently exist are the ones that are true. "Males are better in math while females are better in English.